Thinking Critically - John Chaffee - Paperback - NON-FICTION - ENGLISH - 9780618947195

Academic Level : Scholarly/Undergraduate Author : John Chaffee Binding : Paperback BISAC Subject : Philosophy / Epistemology Book Type : NON-FICTION Dewey : 121 Edition : 9 Language : ENGLISH Pages : 482 Place of Publication : United States Publication Date : 12/26/2007 Table of Contents Readings xvii Preface xix Thinking 1 (41) Visual Thinking: The Mystery of the Mind 3 (1) Living an ``Examined'' Life 4 (1) Visual Thinking: You Are the Artist of Your Life 4 (1) A Roadmap to Your Mind 5 (2) Working Toward Goals 7 (1) Thinking Activity 1.1: Analyzing a Goal That You Achieved 8 (1) Achieving Short-Term Goals 8 (2) Achieving Long-Term Goals 10 (1) Thinking Activity 1.2: Analyzing an Important Future Goal 11 (1) Images, Decision-Making, and Thinking About Visual Information 11 (1) Images, Perceiving, and Thinking 11 (3) Thinking Critically About Visuals: Disaster and Perspective 12 (2) Thinking Passage: The Autobiography of Malcolm X 14 (3) From The Autobiography of Malcolm X 25 Malcolm X Alex Haley An Organized Approach to Making Decisions 17 (4) Thinking Activity 1.3: Analyzing a Previous Decision 11 (10) Thinking Activity 1.4: Analyzing a Future Decision 21 (1) Discovering ``Who'' You Are 21 (1) What Are Your Interests? 22 (1) Thinking Activity 1.5: Identifying Your Interests 22 (1) What Are Your Abilities? 23 (2) Thinking Activity 1.6: Identifying Your Abilities 24 (1) Living Creatively 25 (1) Thinking Activity 1.7: Describing Your Current and Future Self 25 (1) ``Can I Be Creative?'' 26 (2) Thinking Activity 1.8: Describing a Creative Area 27 (1) Becoming More Creative 28 (6) Thinking Activity 1.9: Identifying Creative Blocks 28 (3) Thinking Activity 1.10: Combating the ``Voice of Criticism'' 31 (2) Visual Thinking: ``Expect the Unexpected''---Heraclitus 33 (1) Thinking Activity 1.11: Becoming More Creative 33 (1) Thinking Passage: Nurturing Creativity 34 (6) ``Original Spin'' 34 (2) Lesley Dormen Peter Edidin Visual Thinking: ``Express Yourself!'' 36 (4) Final Thoughts 40 (2) Thinking Critically 42 (37) Thinking Activity 2.1: Who Is a Critical Thinker? 44 (1) Visual Thinking: ``Now It Is Time for Us to Part'' 45 (1) Thinking Actively 46 (1) Influences on Your Thinking 46 (1) Thinking Activity 2.2: Influences on Our Thinking 47 (1) Becoming an Active Learner 47 (1) Carefully Exploring Situations with Questions 48 (2) Thinking Activity 2.3: Analyzing a Complex Issue 49 (1) Thinking Independently 50 (2) Thinking Activity 2.4: Evaluating Your Beliefs 51 (1) Viewing Situations from Different Perspectives 52 (3) Visual Thinking: Thinking Independently 53 (1) Thinking Activity 2.5: Analyzing a Belief from Different Perspectives 54 (1) Thinking Activity 2.6: Writing from Interactive Perspectives 54 (1) Supporting Diverse Perspectives with Reasons and Evidence 55 (3) Visual Thinking: ``You Leave---I Was Here First!'' 56 (1) Thinking Activity 2.7: Analyzing Different Sides of an Issue 56 (1) Thinking Activity 2.8: Analyzing Different Perspectives 57 (1) Discussing Ideas in an Organized Way 58 (2) Listening Carefully 60 (1) Supporting Views with Reasons and Evidence 60 (1) Responding to the Points Being Made 61 (1) Asking Questions 61 (1) Increasing Understanding 61 (3) Thinking Critically About Visuals: Complex Issues, Challenging Images 62 (2) Thinking Activity 2.9: Creating a Dialogue 64 (1) Becoming a Critical Thinker 64 (1) Analyzing Issues 65 (1) What Is the Issue? 65 (1) What Is the Evidence? 66 (2) What Are the Arguments? 68 (2) What Is the Verdict? 70 (1) Thinking Activity 2.10: Analyzing Your Verdict 71 (1) Thinking Passages: Jurors' and Judges' Reasoning Processes 71 (8) ``Jurors Hear Evidence and Turn It into Stories'' 71 (1) Daniel Goleman Visual Thinking: ``Members of the Jury, Don't Be Deceived...'' 72 (3) ``Judicial Reasoning Is All Too Human'' 75 (4) Patricia Cohen Solving Problems 79 (36) Thinking Critically About Problems 80 (1) Introduction to Solving Problems 81 (1) Thinking Activity 3.1: Analyzing a Problem You Solved 82 (1) Solving Complex Problems 82 (3) Visual Thinking: ``Eureka! I Found the Needle!'' 84 (1) Accepting the Problem 85 (2) Step 1: What Is the Problem? 87 (2) Step 2: What Are the Alternatives? 89 (1) Step 3: What Are the Advantages and/or Disadvantages of Each Alternative? 90 (2) Visual Thinking: ``I Have a Creative Idea!'' 91 (1) Step 4: What Is the Solution? 92 (3) Visual Thinking: ``Why Didn't I Think of That!'' 93 (2) Step 5: How Well Is the Solution Working? 95 (2) Thinking Activity 3.2: Analyzing an Unsolved Problem 96 (1) Thinking Activity 3.3: Analyzing College Problems 97 (1) Solving Nonpersonal Problems 97 (3) Thinking Critically About Visuals: Advertising to Change Behavior 98 (2) Thinking Activity 3.4: Analyzing Social Problems 100 (1) Thinking Passages: Challenging Social Issues 100 (15) ``Young Hate'' 101 (6) David Shenk ``When Is It Rape?'' 107 (8) Nancy Gibbs Perceiving and Believing 115 (48) Actively Selecting, Organizing, and Interpreting Sensations 117 (2) People's Perceptions Differ 119 (3) Thinking Activity 4.1: Analyzing Perceptions 120 (1) Visual Thinking: The Investigation 121 (1) Viewing the World Through ``Lenses'' 122 (1) What Factors Shape Perceptions? 123 (5) Thinking Activity 4.2: Thinking Critically About My Perceiving Lenses 124 (1) Thinking Activity 4.3: Analyzing Different Accounts of the Assassination of Malcolm X 124 (1) Visual Thinking: Witnessing a Martyrdom 125 (1) Five Accounts of the Assassination of Malcolm X 125 (3) Thinking Activity 4.4: Analyzing Different Accounts of the 2001 World Trade Center and Pentagon Attacks 128 (1) Thinking Passage: Experiences Shape Your Perceptions 128 (4) ``Acquired Knowledge'' by Anonymous 129 (1) Thinking Critically About Visuals: Perceiving and Managing Fear 130 (2) Thinking Activity 4.5: Describing a Shaping Experience 132 (1) Perceiving and Believing 132 (2) Believing and Perceiving 134 (1) Thinking Activity 4.6: Analyzing a False Perception 135 (1) Types of Beliefs: Report, Inferences, Judgments 135 (3) Thinking Activity 4.7: Identifying Reports, Inferences, and Judgments 137 (1) Visual Thinking: Observing a Street Scene 138 (1) Reporting Factual Information 138 (4) Thinking Activity 4.8: Evaluating Factual Information 140 (1) Thinking Activity 4.9: ``Real'' and Manipulated Images in Film 140 (2) Inferring 142 (4) Thinking Activity 4.10: Analyzing an Incorrect Inference 145 (1) Judging 146 (1) Differences in Judgments 147 (2) Thinking Activity 4.11: Analyzing Judgments 148 (1) Thinking Passages: Perception and Reality on Reporting About Hurricane Katrina 149 (14) ``They Shoot Helicopters, Don't They? How Journalists Spread Rumors During Katrina'' 150 (3) Matt Welch ``Finding and Framing Katrina: The Social Construction of Disaster'' 153 (10) Russell R. Dynes Havidan Rodriguez Constructing Knowledge 163 (40) Believing and Knowing 164 (2) Thinking Activity 5.1: Evaluating the Accuracy of Beliefs 165 (1) Knowledge and Truth 166 (1) Stages of Knowing 167 (4) Thinking Activity 5.2: What Stage of Knowing Am I In? 171 (1) Thinking Critically About Your Beliefs 171 (7) Thinking Activity 5.3: Surveying Your Beliefs 172 (1) Thinking Activity 5.4: Evaluating My Beliefs 173 (1) Visual Thinking: ``I Knew That Aliens Existed!'' 174 (2) Thinking Critically About Visuals: Propaganda: Undermining Knowledge and Questioning Beliefs 176 (2) Using Perspective-Taking to Achieve Knowledge 178 (4) Thinking Activity 5.5: Analyzing Different Accounts of the Confrontation at Tiananmen Square 178 (1) Several Accounts of Events at Tiananmen Square, 1989 179 (3) Thinking Activity 5.6: Analyzing Different Accounts of a Current Event 182 (1) Beliefs Based on Indirect Experience 182 (1) How Reliable Are the Information and the Source? 183 (4) Thinking Activity 5.7: Evaluating Different Perspectives 184 (3) Evaluating Online Information 187 (1) Before You Search 187 (1) Choose Sources Likely to Be Reliable 187 (2) Thinking Passage: Plato's Allegory of the Cave: The Journey from Perception to Knowledge 189 (4) ``On Plato's Cave'' 190 (3) Sonja Tanner Final Thoughts 193 (10) Thinking Activity 5.8: Analyzing Different Accounts of the Dropping of the Atom Bomb on Japan 193 (1) Was the United States Justified in Dropping Atomic Bombs on Japan? 194 (1) Visual Thinking: After the Bomb 195 (8) Language and Thought 203 (46) The Evolution of Language 204 (2) The Lord's Prayer 205 (1) The Symbolic Nature of Language 206 (2) Semantic Meaning (Denotation) 208 (1) Perceptual Meaning (Connotation) 209 (1) Syntactic Meaning 209 (1) Pragmatic Meaning 210 (5) Thinking Activity 6.1: The Language of War 211 (2) Thinking Activity 6.2: Understanding Nonsense Words 213 (1) ``Jabberwocky'' 213 (1) Thinking Activity 6.3: The Language of Cloning 214 (1) Using Language Effectively 215 (3) Thinking Critically About Visuals: Reading the Unwritten 216 (2) Thinking Passage: Blue Highways 218 (2) From Blue Highways 218 (2) William Least Heat-Moon Thinking Activity 6.4: Communicating an Experience 220 (1) Using Language to Clarify Thinking 220 (3) Visual Thinking: Words Paint a Picture 221 (2) Improving Vague Language 223 (2) Thinking Activity 6.5: Reviewing a Movie 224 (1) Thinking Passage: The Dangers of Ambiguous Language 225 (2) ``An Account of Avianca Flight 52'' 225 (2) Using Language in Social Contexts 227 (1) Language Styles 227 (1) Standard American English 228 (1) Visual Thinking: ``What's Happening?'' 228 (1) Slang 229 (1) Thinking Activity 6.6: Thinking About Slang 229 (1) Jargon 230 (1) Dialects 231 (1) The Social Boundaries of Language 231 (1) Thinking Activity 6.7: Analyzing Language Uses 232 (1) Using Language to Influence 232 (1) Euphemistic Language 233 (4) Thinking Activity 6.8: Analyzing Euphemisms 235 (1) ``Ancient Greece to Iraq, the Power of Words in Wartime'' 235 (2) Robin Tolmach Lakoff Emotive Language 237 (3) Thinking Activity 6.9: Analyzing Emotive Language 239 (1) Thinking Passages: Persuading with Political Speeches 240 (1) Thinking Activity 6.10: How Email Changes Communication 241 (1) How Do You ``Come Across''? 241 (1) Final Thoughts 241 (1) Thinking Passage: Gender Differences in Language 242 (7) ``Sex, Lies and Conversation: Why Is It So Hard for Men and Women to Talk to Each Other?'' 242 (1) Deborah Tannen Visual Thinking: ``You're Not Going to Believe This...'' 243 (6) Forming and Applying Concepts 249 (29) What Are Concepts? 250 (3) Thinking Activity 7.1: Forming New Concepts Through Experience 252 (1) The Structure of Concepts 253 (1) Thinking Activity 7.2: Diagramming the Structure of Concepts 254 (1) Forming Concepts 254 (3) Thinking Activity 7.3: Forming New Concepts Through Generalizing and Interpreting 257 (1) Applying Concepts 257 (4) Thinking Critically About Visuals: Fashion Statements as Concepts 258 (3) Thinking Passages: Femininity and Masculinity 261 (4) From Femininity 261 (1) Susan Brownmiller Visual Thinking: ``Pose!'' 262 (1) ``The Return of Manly Men'' 262 (3) Patricia Leigh Brown Using Concepts to Classify 265 (2) Visual Thinking: ``A Tree Is Just a Tree, Is Just a Tree...'' 266 (1) Defining Concepts 267 (3) Thinking Activity 7.4: Analyzing the Concept Responsibility 269 (1) Thinking Activity 7.5: The Concepts Information and Ownership 270 (1) Thinking Passage: Denning Cultural Identity 270 (5) ``Identify Yourself: Who's American?'' 271 (1) Gregory Rodriguez Visual Thinking: Who Is an American? 272 (3) Relating Concepts with Mind Maps 275 (1) Thinking Activity 7.6: Creating and Applying Mind Maps 276 (1) Final Thoughts 276 (1) Thinking Passage: The Concepts Religion and Religious Experience ``What Is Religion?'' 277 (1) Frederick J. Streng Relating and Organizing 278 (27) Chronological and Process Relationships 280 (1) Chronological Relationships 280 (1) Thinking Activity 8.1: Creating a Narrative Description 280 (1) Process Relationships 281 (3) Thinking Activity 8.2: Analyzing Process Relationships 281 (2) Thinking Activity 8.3: Creating a Process Description 283 (1) Comparative and Analogical Relationships 284 (1) Comparative Relationships 284 (3) Thinking Activity 8.4: Analyzing Comparative Relationships 286 (1) Analogical Relationships 287 (4) Thinking Activity 8.5: Analyzing Analogical Relationships 290 (1) Thinking Activity 8.6: Creating Analogies to Capture Life 290 (1) Causal Relationships 291 (3) Thinking Critically About Visuals: The Places We Think 292 (2) Causal Chains 294 (1) Thinking Activity 8.7: Creating a Causal Chain 295 (1) Contributory Causes 295 (2) Visual Thinking: ``The Birds and the Bees, the Flowers and the Trees'' 296 (1) Thinking Activity 8.8: Creating a Scenario of Contributory Causes 297 (1) Interactive Causes 297 (3) Thinking Activity 8.9: Analyzing Causal Relationships 297 (2) Visual Thinking: Why...? 299 (1) Final Thoughts 300 (1) Thinking Passage: Environmental Issues 300 (5) ``Worried? Us?'' 300 (5) Bill McKibben Thinking Critically About Moral Issues 305 (35) What Is Ethics? 307 (4) Thinking Activity 9.1: Who Is a Moral Person? 308 (1) Thinking Activity 9.2: What Are My Moral Values? 309 (2) Your Moral Compass 311 (2) I Would Follow My Conscience 313 (1) I Do Not Know What I Would Do 314 (1) I Would Do Whatever Would Improve My Own Situation 314 (1) I Would Do What God or the Scriptures Say Is Right 314 (1) I Would Do Whatever Made Me Happy 315 (1) I Would Follow the Advice of an Authority, Such as a Parent or Teacher 316 (1) I Would Do What Is Best for Everyone Involved 316 (3) Thinking Activity 9.3: Analyzing Moral Dilemmas 316 (3) The Thinker's Guide to Moral Decision-Making 319 (1) Make Morality a Priority 319 (1) Visual Thinking: ``What Homeless Person?'' 320 (1) Recognize That a Critical-Thinking Approach to Ethics Is Based on Reason 320 (1) Include the Ethic of Justice in Your Moral Compass 321 (2) Thinking Activity 9.4: Evaluating My Moral Beliefs with Reason 323 (1) Include the Ethic of Care in Your Moral Compass 323 (3) Thinking Critically About Visuals: Ethics and Emotions 324 (2) Accept Responsibility for Your Moral Choices 326 (1) Seek to Promote Happiness for Oneself and Others 327 (2) Thinking Activity 9.5: What Is My Idea of Human Happiness? 329 (1) Seek to Develop an Informed Intuition 329 (2) Thinking Activity 9.6: Thinking About My Moral Intuition 331 (1) Discover the ``Natural Law'' of Human Nature 331 (1) Choose to Be a Moral Person 332 (3) Thinking Activity 9.7: Nurturing Your Moral Growth 334 (1) Thinking Passage: Thinking and Acting Morally 335 (5) ``The Disparity Between Intellect and Character'' by Robert Coles 335 (5) Constructing Arguments 340 (35) Visual Thinking: ``Let Herbs Grow Free!'' 342 (1) Recognizing Arguments 343 (2) Cue Words for Arguments 345 (2) Thinking Activity 10.1: Identifying Arguments with Cue Words 346 (1) Thinking Passages: Legalizing Drugs 347 (1) ``Drugs'' Gore Vidal ``The Case for Slavery'' A. M. Rosenthal Arguments Are Inferences 347 (2) Evaluating Arguments 349 (1) Truth: How True Are the Supporting Reasons? 349 (2) Thinking Activity 10.2: Evaluating the Truth of Reasons 351 (1) Validity: Do the Reasons Support the Conclusion? 351 (3) Thinking Critically About Visuals: The Changing Rules of Love 352 (2) The Soundness of Arguments 354 (1) Understanding Deductive Arguments 355 (2) Application of a General Rule 356 (1) Modus Ponens 357 (1) Modus Tollens 358 (1) Disjunctive Syllogism 359 (2) Thinking Activity 10.3: Evaluating Arguments 359 (2) Thinking Activity 10.4: Freedom of Speech on the Internet 361 (1) Constructing Extended Arguments 361 (1) Writing an Extended Argument 362 (1) Thinking Activity 10.5: Composing an Extended Argument 362 (1) Final Thoughts 363 (1) Thinking Passages: For and Against Human Cloning 363 (12) ``U.S. Company Says It Cloned Human Embryo for Cells'' 364 (1) Maggie Fox Visual Thinking: Cloning Mammals 365 (2) ``No Fear'' 367 (3) Richard T. Hull ``Even If It Worked, Cloning Wouldn't Bring Her Back'' 370 (5) Thomas H. Murray Reasoning Critically 375 (54) Inductive Reasoning 376 (1) Empirical Generalization 377 (1) Is the Sample Known? 378 (1) Is the Sample Sufficient? 378 (1) Is the Sample Representative? 378 (2) Thinking Activity 11.1: Evaluating Inductive Arguments 379 (1) Thinking Activity 11.2: Designing a Poll 380 (1) Fallacies of False Generalization 380 (1) Hasty Generalization 381 (1) Sweeping Generalization 381 (1) False Dilemma 382 (1) Thinking Passage: Detecting Fallacies of False Generalization 383 (2) ``She's Not Really Ill...'' 383 (2) Maureen Dowd Causal Reasoning 385 (1) The Scientific Method 386 (4) Visual Thinking: Curing Disease 387 (2) Thinking Activity 11.3: Applying the Scientific Method 389 (1) Controlled Experiments 390 (5) Thinking Activity 11.4: Evaluating Experimental Results 394 (1) Thinking Activity 11.5: Designing a Scientific Experiment 395 (1) Thinking Passage: Researching Cures and Prevention 395 (1) ``'3 X 5' Progress Report'' by World Health Organization UN AIDS (student website) Thinking Passage: Treating Breast Cancer 396 (1) ``Study Sets off Debate Over Mammograms' Value'' Gina Kolata Causal Fallacies 397 (1) Questionable Cause 397 (1) Misidentification of the Cause 397 (1) Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc 398 (1) Slippery Slope 398 (2) Visual Thinking: Slipping and Sliding 399 (1) Fallacies of Relevance 400 (1) Appeal to Authority 401 (1) Appeal to Tradition 401 (1) Bandwagon 402 (1) Appeal to Pity 402 (1) Appeal to Fear 403 (3) Thinking Critically About Visuals: Stop and Think 404 (2) Appeal to Flattery 406 (1) Special Pleading 406 (1) Appeal to Ignorance 407 (1) Begging the Question 407 (1) Visual Thinking: Fallacies in Action 408 (1) Straw Man 408 (1) Red Herring 409 (1) Appeal to Personal Attack 409 (1) Two Wrongs Make a Right 410 (1) Thinking Activity 11.6: Identifying Fallacies 410 (1) The Critical Thinker's Guide to Reasoning 411 (1) What Is My Initial Point of View? 411 (1) How Can I Define My Point of View More Clearly? 411 (2) What Is an Example of My Point of View? 413 (1) What Is the Origin of My Point of View? 413 (1) What Are My Assumptions? 413 (1) What Are the Reasons, Evidence, and Arguments That Support My Point of View? 414 (1) What Are Other Points of View on This Issue? 414 (1) What Is My Conclusion, Decision, Solution, or Prediction? 415 (1) What Are the Consequences? 416 (1) Thinking Activity 11.7: Applying the ``Guide to Reasoning'' 416 (1) Thinking Passages: Thinking Critically About Authority 417 (12) ``Critical Thinking and Obedience to Authority'' 417 (1) John Sabini Maury Silver Visual Thinking: Milgram's Experiment 418 (7) ``Pressure to Go Along with Abuse Is Strong, but Some Soldiers Find Strength to Refuse'' by Anahad O'Connor 425 (4) Thinking Critically, Living Creatively 429 (34) Living a Life Philosophy 430 (2) Choosing Freely 432 (3) Deciding on a Career 435 (2) Visual Thinking: Weighing Your Decision Carefully 436 (1) Thinking Activity 12.1: Thinking About Your Career Plans 437 (1) Thinking Errors in Career Decisions 437 (1) Creating Your Dream Job 438 (1) Thinking Activity 12.2: Describing Your Dream Job 438 (1) Finding the Right Match 439 (1) Visual Thinking: A Bad Hair Day? 439 (1) Thinking Passages: Finding Meaning in Work 440 (9) ``Cut Time'' by Carlo Rotella 441 (5) ``Spellbound by the Eternal Riddle, Scientists Revel in Their Captivity'' by Alan Lightman 446 (3) Thinking Critically About Personal Relationships 449 (1) The Thinker's Guide to Healthy Relationships 450 (1) Establish Goals 450 (1) Communicate Clearly 451 (1) View Your Relationships from All Perspectives 451 (1) Build Trust Through Reason 452 (1) Foster Creativity 453 (3) Thinking Critically About Visuals: Envisioning the Good Life 454 (2) Value Freedom and Responsibility 456 (1) Problem-Solve 456 (1) Thinking Activity 12.3: Improving Your Relationships 457 (1) Choosing the ``Good Life'' 457 (2) The Meaning of Your Life 459 (4) Glossary 463 (8) Credits 471 (2) Index 473